妻又ハ入夫カ婚姻前ヨリ有セル財産及ヒ婚姻中自己ノ名ニ於テ得タル財産ハ其特有財産トス
夫婦ノ孰レニ属スルヤ判然セサル財産ハ夫又ハ女戸主ノ財産ト推定ス
Tout immeuble est réputé acquêt de communauté, s'il n'est prouvé que l'un des époux en avait la propriété ou possession légale antérieurement au mariage, ou qu'il lui est échu depuis à titre de succession ou donation.
夫婦中ノ一人婚姻ヲ結フ以前ヨリ所有ト為シ又ハ法ニ循テ占有セシ証アル不動産又ハ婚姻ヲ結ヒシ後遺物相続或ハ贈遺ノ名義ヲ以テ得タル証アル不動産ヲ除クノ外如何ナル不動産ト雖トモ共通ノ財産中ニ入ル可キモノト為ス可シ
総テノ不動産ハ共通財産ノ獲得物ト看做ス可シ但シ夫婦中一方ノ者カ結婚以前ニ其不動産ノ所有権又ハ法律上ノ占有ヲ有シ又ハ其結婚ノ後ニ財産相続又ハ贈与ノ名義ニテ其不動産ヲ受ケタルノ証アル時ハ格別ナリトス
総テノ不動産ハ夫婦ノ一方カ婚姻前ニ所有権又ハ法律上ノ占有ヲ有セシカ又ハ其後相続又ハ贈遺ニ因リ一方ニ帰属シタルコトヲ証セサルニ於テハ共通ノ獲得物ト看做ス可シ
ドイツ(帝国法) 民法第1草案1282条，1311条 資料全体表示
Es wird vermuthet, daß die in der Inhabung des Ehemannes oder der Ehefrau oder beider Ehegatten befindlichen Sachen, mit Einschluß der Inhaberpapiere und der an Ordre lautenden, mit einem Blankoindossamente versehelleif Papiere, dem Ehemanne gehören.
Die Vorschrift des ersten Absatzes findet auf die im §.1285 bezeichneten Sachen keine Anwendung.
Die Gläubiger der Ehefrau können, soweit nicht das Gesetz ein Anderes bestimmt, wegen aller Verbindlichkeiten der Ehefrau die Befriedigung auch aus dem Ehegute ohne Rücksicht auf die eheliche Nutznießung und Verwaltung verlangen (Ehegutsverbindlichkeiten).
- On doit présumer que les choses qui se trouvent dans la détention du mari, ou de la femme, ou des deux époux, y compris les titres au porteur et les effets à ordre et couverts d'un endos en blanc, appartiennent au mari.
Il n'y a pas lieu d'appliquer les dispositions du paragraphe qui précède aux choses indiquées dans le §1285.
- Les créanciers de la femme peuvent, à moins de disposition contraire de la loi, pour toutes les obligations de la femme, poursuivre le paiement même sur les biens matrimoniaux, sans avoir égard à la jouissance et à l'administration du mari (obligations matrimoniales).
ドイツ(帝国法) 民法第2草案1262条，1279条，1309条，1310条 資料全体表示
Es wird vermuthet, daß die im Besitz eines der Ehegatten oder beider Ehegatten befindlichen beweglichen Sachen dem Manne gehören. Dies gilt insbesondere auch für Inhaberpapiere und für Orderpapiere, die mit Blankoindossament versehen sind.
Die Vermuthung gilt nicht für die ausschließlich zum persönlichen Gebrauche der Frau bestimmten Sachen, insbesondere nicht für Kleider und Schmucksachen.
Erwirbt der Mann mit Mitteln des eingebrachten Gutes bewegliche Sachen, so geht mit dem Erwerbe das Eigenthum auf die Frau über, es sei denn, daß der Mann nicht für Rechnung des eingebrachten Gutes erwerben wollte. Dies gilt insbesondere auch von Inhaberpapieren und von Orderpapieren, die mit Blankoindossament versehen sind.
Die Vorschriften des Abs.1 finden entsprechende Anwendung, wenn der Mann mit Mitteln des eingebrachten Gutes ein Recht an Sachen der bezeichneten Art oder ein anderes Recht erwirbt, zu dessen Uebertragung der Abtretungsvertrag genügt.
Die Gläubiger des Mannes können nicht Befriedigung aus dem eingebrachten Gute verlangen.
Die Gläubiger der Frau können ohne Rücksicht auf die Verwaltung und Nutznießung des Mannes Befriedigung aus dem eingebrachten Gute verlangen, soweit sich nicht aus den §§.1311 bis 1313 ein Anderes ergiebt.
Hat der Mann verbrauchbare Sachen nach §.1276 Abs.3 veräußert oder verbraucht, so tritt an die Stelle der Sachen der Anspruch der Frau auf Ersatz des Werthes. Der Mann ist den Gläubigern gegenüber zum sofortigen Ersatze verpflichtet.
イギリス Married Women's Property Act 1882 1条，2条，5～8条 資料全体表示
(Married woman to be capable of holding property and of contracting as a feme sole.)
1. (1.) A married woman shall, in accordance with the provisions of this Act, be capable of acquiring, holding, and disposing by will or otherwise, of any real or personal property as her separate property, in the same manner as if she were a feme sole, without the intervention of any trustee.
(2.) A married woman shall be capable of entering into and rendering herself liable in respect of and to the extent of her separate property on any contract, and of suing and being sued, either in contract or in tort, or otherwise, in all respects as if she were a feme sole, and her husband need not be joined with her as plaintiff or defendant, or be made a party to any action or other legal proceeding brought by or taken against her ; and any damages or costs recovered by her in any such action or proceeding shall be her separate property ; and any damages or costs recovered against her in any such action or proceeding shall be payable out of her separate property, and not otherwise.
(3.) Every contract entered into by a married woman shall be deemed to be a contract entered into by her with respect to and to bind her separate property, unless the contrary be shown.
(4.) Every contract entered into by a married woman with respect to and to bind her separate property shall bind not only the separate property which she is possessed of or entitled to at the date of the contract, but also all separate property which she may thereafter acquire.
(5.) Every married woman carrying on a trade separately from her husband shall, in respect of her separate property, be subject to the bankruptcy laws in the same way as if she were a feme sole.
(Property of a woman marred after the Act to he held by her as a feme sole.)
2. Every woman who marries after the commencement of this Act shall be entitled to have and to hold as her separate property, and to dispose of in manner aforesaid all real and personal property which shall belong to her at the time of marriage, or shall be acquired by or devolve upon her after marriage, including any wages, earnings, money, and property gained or acquired by her in any employment, trade, or occupation, in which she is engaged, or which she carries on separately from her husband, or by the exercise of any literary, artistic, or scientific skill.
(Property acquired after the Act by a woman married before the Act to be held by her as a fame sole.)
5. Every woman married before the commencement of this Act shall be entitled to have and to hold and to dispose of in manner aforesaid as her separate property all real and personal property, her title to which, whether vested or contingent, and whether in possession, reversion, or remainder, shall accrue after the commencement of this Act, including any wages, earnings, money, and property so gained or acquired by her as aforesaid.
(As to stock, &c. to which a married woman is entitled.)
6. All deposits in any post office or other savings bank, or in any other bank, all annuities granted by the Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt or by any other person, and all sums forming part of the public stocks or funds, or of any other stocks or funds transferable in the books of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, or of any other bank, which at the commencement of this Act are standing in the sole name of a married woman, and all shares, stock, debentures, debenture stock, or other interests of or in any corporation, company, or public body, municipal, commercial, or otherwise, or of or in any industrial, provident, friendly, benefit, building, or loan society, which at the commencement of this Act are standing in her name, shall be deemed, unless and until the contrary be shown, to be the separate property of such married woman ; and the fact that any such deposit, annuity, sum forming part of the public stocks or funds, or of any other stocks or funds transferable in the books of the Governor and Company of the Bank of England or of any other bank, share, stock, debenture, debenture stock, or other interest as aforesaid, is standing in the sole name of a married woman, shall be sufficient primâ facie evidence that she is beneficially entitled thereto for her separate use, so as to authorise and empower her to receive or transfer the same, and to receive the dividends, interest, and profits thereof, without the concurrence of her husband, and to indemnify the Postmaster General, the Commissioners for the Reduction of the National Debt, the Governor and Company of the Bank of England, the Governor and Company of the Bank of Ireland, and all directors, managers, and trustees of every such bank, corporation, company, public body, or society as aforesaid, in respect thereof.
(As to stock, &c. to be transferred, &c. to a married woman.)
7. All sums forming part of the public stocks or funds, or of any other stocks or funds transferable in the books of the Bank of England or of any other bank, and all such deposits and annuities respectively as are mentioned in the last preceding section, and all shares, stock, debentures, debenture stock, and other interests of or in any such corporation, company, public body, or society as aforesaid, which after the commencement of this Act shall be allotted to or placed, registered, or transferred in or into or made to stand in the sole name of any married woman shall be deemed, unless and until the contrary be shown, to be her separate property, in respect of which so far as any liability may be incident thereto her separate estate shall alone be liable, whether the same shall be so expressed in the document whereby her title to the same is created or certified, or in the books or register wherein her title is entered or recorded, or not.
Provided always, that nothing in this Act shall require or authorise any corporation or joint stock company to admit any married woman to be a holder of any shares or stock therein to which any liability may be incident, contrary to the provisions of any Act of Parliament, charter, byelaw, articles of association, or deed of settlement regulating such corporation or company.
(Investments in joint names of married women and others.)
8. All the provisions herein before contained as to deposits in any post office or other savings bank, or in any other bank, annuities granted by the Commissioners for the Reduction- of the National Debt or by any other person, sums forming part of the public stocks or funds, or 'of any other stocks or funds transferable in the books of the Bank of England or of any other bank, shares, stock, debentures, debenture stock, or other interests of or in any such corporation, company, public body, or society as aforesaid respectively, which at the commencement of this Act shall be standing in the sole name of a married woman, or which, after that time, shall be allotted to, or placed, registered, or transferred to or into, or made to stand in, the sole name of a married woman, shall respectively extend and apply, so far as relates to the estate, right, title, or interest of the married woman, to any of the particulars aforesaid which, at the commencement of this Act, or at any time afterwards, shall be standing in, or shall be allotted to, placed, registered, or transferred to or into, or made to stand in, the name of any married woman jointly with any persons or person other than her husband.
(Interests and powers not acquired nor lost by marriage.)
4. No person shall, by marriage, acquire any interest in the property of the person whom he or she marries, nor become incapable of doing any act in respect of his or her own property, which he or she could have done if unmarried.
(No rights to property not comprised in an antenuptial settlement, acquired by marriage between a person domiciled and a person not domiciled in British India.)
44. If a person whose domicile is not in British India marries in British India a person whose domicile is in British India, neither party acquires by the marriage any rights in respect of any property of the other party not comprised in a settlement made previous to the marriage, which he or she would not acquire thereby if both were domiciled in British India at the time of the marriage.
(Succession to property of Hindus, Muhammadans or Buddhists and certain Wills, Intestacies and marriages not affected by this Act.)
331. The provisions of this Act shall not apply to Intestate or Testamentary succession to the property of any Hindu, Muhammadan or Buddhist; nor shall they apply to any Will made, or any intestacy occurring before the first day of January 1866. The fourth Section shall not apply to any marriage contracted before the same day.
アメリカ(カリフォルニア) 民法157条，162条，173～177条 資料全体表示
(In other respects their interests separate.)
157. Neither husband nor wife has any interest in the property of the other, but neither can be excluded from the other’s dwelling.
(Separate property of the wife.)
162. All property of the wife, owned by her before marriage, and that acquired afterwards by gift, bequest, devise, or descent, with the rents, issues, and profits thereof, is her separate property. The wife may, without the consent of her husband, convey her separate property.
(Courtesy and dower not allowed.)
173. No estate is allowed the husband as tenant by courtesy upon the death of his wife, nor is any estate in dower allotted to the wife upon the death of her husband.
(Support of wife.)
174. If the husband neglects to make adequate provision for the support of his wife, any other person may, in good faith, supply her with articles necessary for her support, and recover the reasonable value thereof from the husband.
(Husband not liable when abandoned by wife.)
175. A husband abandoned by his wife is not liable for her support until she offers to return, unless she was justified, by his misconduct, in abandoning him.
(When wife must support husband.)
176. The wife must support the husband out of her separate property when he has no separate property and they no community property, and he from infirmity is not able or competent to support himself.
(Rights of husband governed by what.)
177. The property rights of husband and wife are governed by this Chapter, unless there is a marriage settlement containing stipulations contrary thereto.
法典調査会 第148回 議事速記録 *未校正49巻49丁裏 画像 資料全体表示
妻又ハ入夫カ婚姻前ヨリ有セル財産及ヒ婚姻中自己ノ名ニ於テ得タル財産ハ其特有財産トス
夫婦ノ孰レニ属スルカ分明ナラサル財産ハ夫又ハ女戸主ノ財産ト推定ス
妻又ハ入夫カ婚姻前ヨリ有セル財産及ヒ婚姻中自己ノ名ニ於テ得タル財産ハ其特有財産トス
夫婦ノ孰レニ属スルカ分明ナラサル財産ハ夫又ハ女戸主ノ財産ト推定ス
Code civil de l'Empire du Japon 資料全体表示
807. Les biens que possédait la femme ou le mari d'une femme chef de famille avant le mariage, de même que ceux qui ont été acquis par une de ces personnes en son propre nom pendant le mariage, constituent ses biens séparés.
Lorsqu'il y a doute si des biens appartiennent au mari ou à la femme, ils sont présumés appartenir au mari ou à la femme chef de famille.